Abstract
The presence of phorbol esters (PEs) with toxic properties limits the use of Jatropha curcas kernel in the animal feed industry. Therefore, suitable methods to detoxify PEs have to be developed to render the material safe as a feed ingredient. In the present study, the biological treatment of the extracted PEs-rich fraction with non-pathogenic fungi (Trichoderma harzianum JQ350879.1, T. harzianum JQ517493.1, Paecilomyces sinensis JQ350881.1, Cladosporium cladosporioides JQ517491.1, Fusarium chlamydosporum JQ350882.1, F. chlamydosporum JQ517492.1 and F. chlamydosporum JQ350880.1) was conducted by fermentation in broth cultures. The PEs were detected by liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESIMS) and quantitatively monitored by HPLC using phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate as the standard. At day 30 of incubation, two T. harzianum spp., P. sinensis and C. cladosporioides significantly (p < 0.05) removed PEs with percentage losses of 96.9%–99.7%, while F. chlamydosporum strains showed percentage losses of 88.9%–92.2%. All fungal strains could utilize the PEs-rich fraction for growth. In the cytotoxicity assay, cell viabilities of Chang liver and NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell lines were less than 1% with the untreated PEs-rich fraction, but 84.3%–96.5% with the fungal treated PEs-rich fraction. There was no inhibition on cell viability for normal fungal growth supernatants. To conclude, Trichoderma spp., Paecilomyces sp. and Cladosporium sp. are potential microbes for the detoxification of PEs.
Highlights
Jatropha curcas Linn. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, which was originally native to SouthAmerica but is found in abundance in South and Central America, Africa and Asia
The phorbol esters (PEs)-rich fraction obtained from Jatropha kernel was analyzed by liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESIMS) to detect the presence of
The dry weight (DW) of all the fungal strains grown for 30 days in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and mineral salts broth (MSB) media are shown in Figure 4a,b, respectively
Summary
Jatropha curcas Linn. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, which was originally native to South. Previous studies have shown that J. curcas kernel contained considerable levels of phorbol esters (PEs). Organic solvents have been used to detoxify PEs in defatted Jatropha kernel meal up to an undetectable level [5]. But up to 91% and 97% in the treatments with Bjerkandera adusta and Phlebia rufa, respectively, after 30 days [6] These studies showed potential removal of PEs following microbial treatments, the pathogenicity of some microorganisms limit their applications in the detoxification of Jatropha kernel. Many species of Trichoderma and endophytes are widely used for numerous agricultural, medical, and pharmaceutical applications [11,12] These fungi have not been evaluated for detoxifying the PEs present in Jatropha kernel. The present study was focused on T. harzianum, P. sinensis, C. cladosporioides and F. chlamydosporum strains in the degradation of PEs from J. curcas kernel
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