Detoxification, Apoptosis, and Immune Transcriptomic Responses of the Gill Tissue of Bay Scallop Following Exposure to the Algicide Thiazolidinedione 49.

Cheng Chi,Jin Woo Jun,Se Chang Park,Sang Wha Kim,Sib Sankar Giri,Hyoun Joong Kim,Saekil Yun,Jeong Woo Kang

doi:10.3390/biom9080310

Abstract

Thiazolidinedione 49 (TD49), a newly synthesized algicide, shows strong toxicity at low concentrations of 0.1–2.0 μM. However, its potential effects on non-target species at the transcript level were not investigated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the gills of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, were accessed after treatment with 0.68 μM TD49 for up to 48 h. Following exposure, it was observed that 5214 genes were upregulated and 3497 were downregulated. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the apoptosis pathway was activated. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway was activated and the survival factors related pathway was suppressed. Furthermore, gene expressions related to ATP-binding cassette, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor, B cell lymphoma-2 family protein, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, NADPH2:quinone reductase, and superoxide dismutase were decreased. Conversely, gene expressions related to FAS-associated death domain protein, glutathione S-transferase, caspase 6, 8, cytochrome P450 1A1, and 2C8 were increased. These results comprehensively demonstrated the toxicity of the novel algicide TD49, and should draw the attention of researchers to the importance of analyzing the potential impact of chemical compounds as algicides to control the proliferation of harmful algae, due to the secondary pollution caused by their application.

Highlights

In the coastal areas of Northeast Asia, especially Japan, South Korea, and China, scallops are a very important commercial species for marine farming, and account for a high proportion of farmed bivalves [1]
For a hazard comprehensive environmental risk assessment, assessment, dose-response assessment, identification, and risk characterization areexposure widely used as standard protocols
Assessment, hazard identification, and risk characterization are widely used as standard protocols

Summary

Introduction

In the coastal areas of Northeast Asia, especially Japan, South Korea, and China, scallops are a very important commercial species for marine farming, and account for a high proportion of farmed bivalves [1]. Bivalves, including scallops, are often used as indicators of ocean pollution or as model species in various toxicology studies [2,3] due to their filter-feeding habits and their rapid accumulation of pollutants [4,5]. Rapid increases in agriculture and industrial processes, as well as population booms, have substantially increased the frequency, extent, and inducing factors of red tide globally. This increase in red tides may pose a threat to ecology, the aquaculture industry, and human health [6]. Developing environmentally friendly algicides has become a major focus of study.

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