Determining the Levels of Glycated Hemoglobin, Serum Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Uric Acid and Microalbuminuria in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus has more than doubled in global prevalence over the last three decades, making it one of the most serious public health issues confronting all countries. As a result, the current study compared the levels of HbA1c, serum calcium, serum magnesium, serum phosphate, serum uric acid, and microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients to normal healthy people. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at SKIMS-MC&H, Bemina, Srinagar, in the Department of Biochemistry. The 300 participants in this study were split into two groups. Group I: consisted of 150 healthy persons between the ages of 30 and 80, of either sexe. Group II consisted of 150 newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the same age group. Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, uric acid, blood sugar, and HbA1c were measured in fasting blood samples. Urine was collected for 24 hours to estimate microalbuminuria, and the results were compared to those of normal healthy subjects. Means ± standard deviation were calculated and student t-test was applied to find out significance level. Results: Mean serum levels of FBS, HbA1c, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, uric acid were 89.71 \(\pm\) 9.22, 4.68 \(\pm\) 0.47, 9.61\(\pm\) 0.84, 2.23 \(\pm\) 0.41, 3.45 \(\pm\) 0.46, 4.21 \(\pm\) 1.04 in controls (group-I) and 145.57 \(\pm\) 76.61, 8.94 \(\pm\) 2.38, 8.09 \(\pm\) 0.18, 1.92 \(\pm\) 0.27, 2.82 \(\pm\) 0.68, 7.01 \(\pm\) 0.27 in cases (group-II) respectively (<0.001). Microalbuminuria showed significant mean difference between cases and controls 35.01 \(\pm\) 41.30 and 15.35 \(\pm\) 2.60 (<0.001). Conclusion: There is a reduction in serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels, all of which are significant in the regulation of blood glucose levels. Hence oral supplementation of all these ions other than diet is recommended. Reduced glucose tolerance was associated with increased serum uric acid and microalbuminuria, therefore early assessment of these parameters should be done while monitoring cases of Type-2 diabetes to assist reduce the risk of renal problems. Glycated hemoglobin level can also translate into an early patient mobilization to diabetes support services, treatment also early medication response which will prevent micro and macro complication associated with uncontrolled Type-2 diabetes.