Abstract
Oxygen is a key regulator of both development and homeostasis. To study the role of oxygen, a variety of in vitro and ex vivo cell and tissue models have been used in biomedical research. However, because of ambiguity surrounding the level of oxygen that cells experience in vivo, the cellular pathway related to oxygenation state and hypoxia have been inadequately studied in many of these models. Here, we devised a method to determine the oxygen tension in bone marrow monocytes using two-photon phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy with the cell-penetrating phosphorescent probe, BTPDM1. Phosphorescence lifetime imaging revealed the physiological level of oxygen tension in monocytes to be 5.3% in live mice exposed to normal air. When the mice inhaled hypoxic air, the level of oxygen tension in bone marrow monocytes decreased to 2.4%. By performing in vitro cell culture experiment within the physiological range of oxygen tension, hypoxia changed the molecular phenotype of monocytes, leading to enhanced the expression of CD169 and CD206, which are markers of a unique subset of macrophages in bone marrow, osteal macrophages. This current study enables the determination of the physiological range of oxygen tension in bone marrow with spatial resolution at a cellular level and application of this information on oxygen tension in vivo to in vitro assays. Quantifying oxygen tension in tissues can provide invaluable information on metabolism under physiological and pathophyisological conditions. This method will open new avenues for research on oxygen biology.
Highlights
Using two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy with a cell-penetrating phosphorescent probe that we originally developed, we found that the physiological level of oxygen in mature osteoclasts in vivo was 36.9 mmHg (4.8%), which is higher than the extravascular oxygen tension in the endosteal region previously determined[10,11]
To measure the intracellular oxygen tension in live mice, we recently developed a method to assess the combined intensity-lifetime imaging of phosphorescence at the single-cell level, using a cell-penetrating Ir (III) phosphor (BTPDM1) and a two-photon laser scanning microscope (TPLSM) equipped with a time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) system (2PLIM) (Fig. 1A)
Using the updated 2PLIM method, we succeeded in determining the physiological range of oxygen tension in monocytes, revealing that the precise oxygen tension exhibited by monocytes in vivo was 5.3%
Summary
Oxygen is a key regulator of both development and homeostasis. To study the role of oxygen, a variety of in vitro and ex vivo cell and tissue models have been used in biomedical research. By performing in vitro cell culture experiment within the physiological range of oxygen tension, hypoxia changed the molecular phenotype of monocytes, leading to enhanced the expression of CD169 and CD206, which are markers of a unique subset of macrophages in bone marrow, osteal macrophages. Non-invasive methods to quantitatively assess oxygen tension in vivo have been developed based on phosphorescence quenching[6], electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and magnetic resonance techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)[7]. These methods have advantages and limitations in terms of applicable targets, spatial resolution, tissue permeability, convenience, and reversibility. By applying information on oxygen tension in vivo to in vitro cell culture, we revealed that hypoxia in this range significantly enhanced the expression of both CD169 and CD206, which are markers of osteal macrophages
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