Abstract
The present study aimed to experimentally evaluate the mechanical properties of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) bulk single crystals with different crystallographic directions using the nanoindentation technique. The load–indentation depth curves, elastic and plastic deformations, hardnesses, and Young’s moduli of [100]- and [110]-oriented 0.28PIN–0.43PMN–0.29PT bulk single crystals were investigated. Our results show that with an increase in the maximum indentation depth hmax, the plastic residual percentage increased for both the [100]- and the [110]-oriented single crystals. At each hmax, the plastic residual percentage of the [100]-oriented PIN–PMN–PT single crystals was less than that of the [110]-oriented PIN–PMN–PT single crystals. At hmax from 500 nm to 2000 nm, the plastic deformation was larger than the elastic deformation, and the plastic residual percentage was larger than 50% for both the [100]- and the [110]-oriented single crystals. This means that the plastic deformation dominated in the indentation process of PIN–PMN–PT single crystals. The indentation size effect on the hardness of the PIN–PMN–PT single crystals was apparent in the nanoindentation process. Both the hardness and the Young’s modulus of the [100]-PIN–PMN–PT single crystals were greater than those of the [110]-PIN–PMN–PT single crystals, which indicates that the PIN–PMN–PT single crystals had anisotropic mechanical characteristics.
Highlights
The difference load–indentation load–indentation depth curves each maximum indentation depthbetween closelythe overlap when the depth curves at the hmax of 2000 nm very 1500 small.nm
There was no discontinuity in the load–indentation depth curves within an indentation depth of 2000 nm, which indicates that large cracks were not formed in the PIN–Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3 )O3 –PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) single crystals during the loading and unloading processes
With the increasing hmax, the elastic recovery percentage decreased, and the plastic residual percentage increased for both the [100]- and [110]-oriented single crystals
Summary
In the last 15 years, because of their excellent piezoelectric properties, relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals such as binary Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3 )O3 –PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) and ternaryPb(In1/2 Nb1/2 )O3 –Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3 )O3 –PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) have attracted extensive attention and become important materials in the fabrication of new-generation high-performance electromechanical devices including ultrasound transducers, actuators, sensors, and other electromechanical devices [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9].It is worth noting that due to the high toxicity of lead, the traditional lead-containing ferro-piezoelectric materials are very harmful to the environment and human health. With its concentration of PT near the morphotropic phase boundary region, the ternary PIN–PMN–PT single crystal has similar piezoelectric performance to that of the binary PMN–PT single crystal and possesses higher phase transition temperature (>120 ◦ C) and coercive field (~6 kV/cm) than the binary PMN–PT single crystal. These properties are very crucial to many electromechanical devices, especially when applied to high-drive and high-temperature environments [14,15,16]
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