Abstract
Screen-printed electrochemical sensing platforms, due to their scales of economy and high reproducibility, can provide a useful approach to translate laboratory-based electrochemistry into the field. An important factor when utilising screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) is the determination of their real electrochemical surface area, which allows for the benchmarking of these SPEs and is an important parameter in quality control. In this paper, we consider the use of cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry to allow for the determination of the real electrochemical area of screen-printed electrochemical sensing platforms, highlighting to experimentalists the various parameters that need to be diligently considered and controlled in order to obtain useful measurements of the real electroactive area.
Highlights
Screen-printed electrochemical platforms form the basis of translating laboratory-based studies into industry for “in-the-field” experimentation
The geometrical area, Ageo, is determined through its physical dimensions, but there is no resemblance to the true electroactive area and there is no way of knowing which parts of the electrode surface are electrochemically active or inactive
When comparing the use CC vs.compared cyclic voltammetry, givento thedetermine long list of experimental parameters that need to be taken into account, it is suggested that is the most accurate to produce area of screen-printed electrodes via CV and CC
Summary
Screen-printed electrochemical platforms form the basis of translating laboratory-based studies into industry for “in-the-field” experimentation These platforms are fabricated on a large scale, resulting in low cost, yet highly reproducible sensors which can be used as either single-use (disposable) or can be readily modified via surface modification with enzymes, nanostructures, or even the bulk of the sensor can be adapted to allow bespoke applicability in a multitude of applications [1,2]. An important parameter to consider when utilising electrochemical sensors is the real electroactive area, especially within fundamental calculations of electrochemical processes, as well as providing a methodology for their benchmarking with respect to the quality control of SPEs. Jarzabek and Borkowska [12] have reported on determining the electrochemical area of gold polycrystalline electrodes using the mass transport and adsorption process of different oxide species (namely HClO4 and LiClO4 ). While Czervinski et al [13] have provided a thorough overview of the various approaches to determine the electroactive area of noble metal electrodes, reporting that each
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