Abstract
In this study, 41 common rice varieties and 211 selenium-rich rice varieties from ten representative areas in China were collected in 2017–2019. The selenium contents of rice were analyzed with optimized inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Selenium concentrations of common rice and selenium-rich rice ranges were 0.81–7.26 and 0.76–180.73 µg/100 g, respectively. The selenium contents in selenium-rich rice from different areas were significantly different (p < 0.001) while those in common rice from different areas were not. The selenium-rich rice in Harbin and Keshan showed the lowest selenium level and those from selenium-rich areas (Enshi and Ankang) were highest. Based on the estimation of the risk assessment software @risk7.0 (Palisade Corporation, New York, NY, USA), the consumption of selenium-rich rice can effectively increase dietary selenium intake for the population. However, the risk index of P95 (Percentile 95) selenium exposure at the tolerable upper intake level for children at 2–14 years old exceeded 100%, with potential risk currently. Therefore, the consumption of selenium-rich rice should be properly monitored for young children and adolescents.
Highlights
In 1973, the United Nations Health Organization declared that selenium is a necessary trace element for humans [1,2]
The selenium contents of the selenium-rich rice were mostly in the range of 5–30 μg/100 g (Figure 1A), while those of the common rice was mostly in the range of 2.5–5 μg/100 g (Figure 1B). These results suggested that none of the common rice was grown on soils with high plant-available selenium in any of the areas sampled
We speculate that those selenium-rich rice with selenium contents lower than 10 μg/100g in notable high selenium areas such as Enshi and Ankang may not be grown on high selenium soils in these areas
Summary
In 1973, the United Nations Health Organization declared that selenium is a necessary trace element for humans [1,2]. Selenium promotes growth and protects cardiovascular [6] and maintains heart muscle health [7] It is an integral part of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), which works with vitamin E to eliminate free radicals and delay aging [8,9]. In this research the risk assessment software @risk 7.0 based on Monte Carlo simulation technology was used to quickly assess dietary selenium intake of different population groups. A random sampling of Monte Carlo simulations has proceeded within a possible range of values, and the probability distribution of all values was used to simulate population intake, to estimate the amount of dietary selenium intake from common or selenium-rich rice in various areas, ages and genders groups in China. Based on the measured selenium content in common and selenium-rich rice and the average rice consumption for different population groups, the calculation method of individual intake was shown in formula [27]:
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