Abstract
Two analytical techniques HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) and HPTLC (high performance thin layer chromatography) were validated to reveal the quality and quantity of pesticide residues (organophosphorus, organochlorine, and pyrethroids) in brinjal samples collected from a local market of Faisalabad. The HPTLC methods showed linear behavior for standard samples and residue was in the range of 1–130 ng. The organochlorine (α-endosulfan) contaminates the samples at 4, 5, 9, and 10 weeks, and detected quantity was less than MRL (minimum residue level) of the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations), i.e., 0.5 mg·kg−1. The organophosphorus pesticide (chlorpyriphos, methamidophos, monocrotophos, dichlorvos, carbosulfan, profenophos, and dimethoate) residue contaminated the samples and violated the MRL limit. Pyrethroids (deltamethrin, β-cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin) were present at appreciable levels, in samples of 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9 weeks. The concentration of β-cyhalothrin (0.25 mg·kg−1) and cypermethrin (0.205 mg·kg−1) was significantly higher than that of all detected pesticides. The carbosulfan and deltamethrin contaminated all 10-week samples. The HPLC analysis of samples was carried out to confirm the efficiency of HPTLC as cost-effective method. The concentration of α-endosulfan, chlorpyriphos, dimethoate, monocrotophos, profenophos, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin in brinjal samples through the HPTLC method showed similar residual concentration with HPLC analysis.
Highlights
Pesticides are used extensively at growth stage of vegetable/ crops, to provide protection from insect pest problems [1]
The pesticides are classified as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, and nematicides [3]. e insecticides are further divided into organophosphate, organochlorine, carbamates, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids; there is a wide and extensive usage of endosulfan in the world [4]
The various types of validation Journal of Chemistry methods Rf, MDQ, and relative retention factors are introduced by researchers for the pesticide analysis [7]. in layer chromatography (TLC) gained much popularity in recent decade, due to its simplicity, efficiency, and being less time consuming for the analysis of various classes of compounds, and its application does not confine HPTLC technique for the use of pesticide residue analysis
Summary
Pesticides are used extensively at growth stage of vegetable/ crops, to provide protection from insect pest problems [1]. It is observed that the pesticide used for agriculture is one of the leading weapons for crops protection [2]. E monitoring and proper investigation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables have great importance to consumer health protection, and the development or usage of robust and economical analytical methods is of great interest [6]. In layer chromatography (TLC) gained much popularity in recent decade, due to its simplicity, efficiency, and being less time consuming for the analysis of various classes of compounds, and its application does not confine HPTLC technique for the use of pesticide residue analysis. HPTLC method works efficiently for qualitative and quantitative analysis as alternative to GC (gas chromatography) and HPLC method [8]
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