Abstract
Objectives: To determine the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of solvent extract of the marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp. Materials and methods: The preliminary assays for antiinflammatory activity such as protein denaturation inhibition and membrane stabilization were evaluated in the various solvent extracts (petroleum ether, aqueous, isopropanol, methanol, ethyl acetate) of the microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp. and in vitro antiinflammatory effect was determined in ethyl acetate extract against murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. The compounds present in the extract were analyzed through GCMS. Results: The ethyl acetate extract exhibited good protection against protein denaturation at an inhibition rate of 72.66 ± 0.46% and provides significant membrane stabilization by inhibiting hemolysis by 92.02 ± 0.10 %. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was found to be dose dependent by inhibiting the inflammatory mediators such as COX (62.08 ± 0.035%), LOX (65.84 ± 0.19%) and also reduced production of the MPO (0.000797 ± 0.00003 IU/ml) and iNOS (90.44 ± 0.19%) thereby cellular nitrite level to 342.54 ± 0.49 µg/ml. The GCMS analysis for bioactive compounds showed a total of 16 compounds in which phenols and lipids are the major components. Application: The result suggests that the microalgae contain potential antiinflammatory compounds which can be explored in therapeutics against inflammation induced diseases. Keywords: Nannochloropsis sp., Microalgae, Anti-inflammatory, Membrane Stabilization.
Highlights
Inflammation is a defensive mechanism of an organism against local injury and infections, which can progress to painful or chronically harmful diseases requiring pharmacological treatment [1]
Leukotrienes are derived from arachidonic acid via lipoxygenase pathway and are involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases like asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases [23]
After oxidative stress and different inflammatory responses, MPO enzyme is released into the extracellular fluid which causes several types of tissue injuries and pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, diabetes, and cancer have been reported to be linked with MPOderived oxidants [24]
Summary
Inflammation is a defensive mechanism of an organism against local injury and infections, which can progress to painful or chronically harmful diseases requiring pharmacological treatment [1]. Various immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes are activated during inflammation [2]. Increased production of free radicals during inflammation causes an imbalance between the oxidizing molecules and the antioxidant system of the body. This oxidative stress leads to damage in the cellular components [3]. One of the strategies to regulate inflammation is to inhibit the release of lysosomal constituents [7]
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