Abstract
The method for determining glyphosate (NPG) and its metabolite AMPA (aminomethyl phosphonic acid) in solid food samples using UAE-SLM-HPLC–PDA technique was developed. Firstly, ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) and protein precipitation step were used for the analyte isolation. Then, the supernatant was evaporated to dryness and redissolved in distilled water (100 mL). The obtained solution was alkalized to pH 11 (with 1 M NaOH) and used directly as donor phase in SLM (supported liquid membrane) extraction. The SLM extraction was performed using 2 M NaCl (5 mL) as an acceptor phase. The flow rate of both phases (donor and acceptor) was set at 0.2 mL/min. The membrane extraction took 24 h but did not require any additional workload. Finally, the SLM extracts were analyzed using the HPLC technique with photo-diode array detector (PDA) and an application of pre-column derivatization with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride. Glyphosate residues were determined in food samples of walnuts, soybeans, barley and lentil samples. The LOD values obtained for the studied food were 0.002 μg g−1 and 0.021 μg g−1 for NPG and AMPA, respectively. Recoveries values ranged from 32% to 69% for NPG, 29% to 56% for AMPA and depended on the type of sample matrix. In the case of buckwheat and rice flour samples, the content of NPG and AMPA was below the detection level of a used analytical method.
Highlights
The rapid and continuous development of industry causes more and more chemicals to be released into the environment, contributing to the global pollution of the world around us [1]
This type of monitoring may enable the introduction of appropriate regulations and legal standards that define maximum admissible concentration (MAC) of harmful compounds in individual elements of the environment, which at the same time will constitute a safe level for living organisms
According to the polar nature of the analyzed compounds, the highest efficiency of the isolation step was observed when distilled water was used for the ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) extraction procedure
Summary
The rapid and continuous development of industry causes more and more chemicals to be released into the environment, contributing to the global pollution of the world around us [1] These compounds get into the air, soil, groundwater and food, undergoing various chemical changes. One of the ways to reduce the adverse effects of xenobiotics on the human body is to monitor the environment for the presence of these substances constantly. This type of monitoring may enable the introduction of appropriate regulations and legal standards that define maximum admissible concentration (MAC) of harmful compounds in individual elements of the environment, which at the same time will constitute a safe level for living organisms
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