Abstract
A rapid and green analytical method based on capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) for the determination of eight environmental pollutants, the biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, tyramine, 2-phenylamine, histamine and tryptamine), is described. The separation was achieved under normal polarity mode at 24 °C and 25 kV with a hydrodynamic injection (50 mbar for 5 s) and using a bare fused-silica capillary (95 cm length × 50 µm i.d.) (detection length of 10.5 cm from the outlet end of the capillary). The optimized background electrolyte consisted of 400 mM malic acid. C4D parameters were set at a fixed amplitude (50 V) and frequency (600 kHz). Under the optimum conditions, the method exhibited good linearity over the range of 1.0–100 µg mL−1 (R2 ≥ 0.981). The limits of detection based on signal to noise (S/N) ratios of 3 and 10 were ≤0.029 µg mL−1. The method was used for the determination of seawater samples that were spiked with biogenic amines. Good recoveries (77–93%) were found.
Highlights
Biogenic amines (BAs) are basic organic compounds with aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic structures
Putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), spermidine (SPD), spermine (SPM), histamine (HIS), phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine (TYR) and tryptamine (TRY) are considered to be the most important biogenic amines (BAs) that are found in foods [1,2]
Spermine tetrahydrochloride (SPM), spermidine trihydrochloride (SPD), cadaverine dihydrochloride (CAD), putrescine dihydrochloride (PUT), histamine dihydrochloride (HIS), tryptamine hydrochloride (TRP) and citric acid were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany)
Summary
Biogenic amines (BAs) are basic organic compounds with aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic structures. They are classified into mono or polyamines according to the number of amino groups they contain. BAs are formed by microbial decarboxylation processes of related amino acid [1,2,3]. Polyamines are essential for nucleic acid and protein synthesis [1]. Putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), spermidine (SPD), spermine (SPM), histamine (HIS), phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine (TYR) and tryptamine (TRY) are considered to be the most important BAs that are found in foods [1,2]. BAs have been proposed as indicators of food quality and freshness [2].
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