Abstract
The Mediterranean diet (MD)—the dietary pattern usually consumed by Mediterranean populations—can help promote a favorable health status and better quality of life. Uncovering the main factors associated with the adherence to MD may be useful in understanding and counteracting the global shift toward a Western diet, which has been documented also in the Mediterranean region. Here, we evaluated the adherence to MD and its major social and behavioral determinants in women from Catania, Southern Italy. This cross-sectional study included 841 women, aged 25–64 years, with no history of severe diseases. Adherence to MD was assessed by the Food Frequency Questionnaire and Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS). Associations between variables were tested by multivariable logistic regression analysis and expressed as an odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Among social factors, medium and high educational levels were associated with an ideal intake of alcohol (OR = 4.059; 95%CI = 1.311–12.570; p = 0.015; OR = 4.258 95%CI = 1.068–16.976; p = 0.040; respectively), living in a couple with ideal intake of cereals (OR = 2.801 95%CI = 1.188–6.602; p = 0.018), and having children with an ideal intake of fruits (OR = 3.149; 95%CI = 1.245–7.762; p = 0.015). With respect to behaviors, current smoking was negatively associated with an ideal intake of meat (OR = 0.449; 95%CI = 0.0220–0.917; p = 0.028), while more engagement in physical activity was associated with an ideal intake of vegetables (OR = 6.148; 95%CI = 1.506–25.104; p = 0.011) and legumes (OR = 5.832; 95%CI = 1.414–24.063; p = 0.015). In line with these findings, moderately or highly physically active women were more likely to show medium or high adherence to MD than those who performed less physical activity (OR = 6.024; 95%CI = 1.192–30.440; p = 0.040; OR = 9.965 95%CI = 1.683–58.993; p = 0.011; respectively). Our results confirm an urgent need for public health strategies, which should take into account determinants of diet quality. Particularly, our study indicates that more engagement in physical activity is a major positive determinant of the adherence to MD.
Highlights
In the last decades, several epidemiological, population-based, and randomized clinical trials have provided evidence that the adherence to a dietary pattern rich in healthy foods—such as fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and fish—can reduce the risk of many non-communicable diseases [1,2,3].The majority of these studies followed the approach of assessing the association between single nutrients or food groups and the occurrence of disease [4,5,6,7]
Our results confirm an urgent need for public health strategies, which should take into account determinants of diet quality
Our study indicates that more engagement in physical activity is a major positive determinant of the adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD)
Summary
Several epidemiological, population-based, and randomized clinical trials have provided evidence that the adherence to a dietary pattern rich in healthy foods—such as fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and fish—can reduce the risk of many non-communicable diseases [1,2,3]. The majority of these studies followed the approach of assessing the association between single nutrients or food groups and the occurrence of disease [4,5,6,7]. Public Health 2019, 16, 2963; doi:10.3390/ijerph16162963 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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