Abstract
Study objectives: To detect invisible lung cancer and to determine field of laser radiation during PDT we developed a full-color fluorescence fiberscopic system. We tested the efficacy of this system in patients with various bronchial malignancies. System design: A fiber-optic endoscope was attached to a camera box containing a color ICCD camera which can detect from 400 to 700nm fluorescence in full-color. Light of average wavelength 405 nm was selected and radiated through the light channel of the fiberscope from a 300W Xenon lamp. Patients and methods: We examined nine consecutive patients with bronchial malignancy admitted in our hospital to receive PDT. Sixteen lesions in these nine patients were observed with white light and excitation light and the results were compared. Histological examinations were done by taking biopsy specimens and samples for pathological and cytological examination. After the diagnosis was confirmed, 2.0 mg/kg Photofrin was injected. Forty eight hours after the administration of Photofrin, observation of the bronchial wall was made using a full-color endoscopic fluorescence imaging system just before PDT. Results: Bright red fluorescence from Photofrin was Observed in 14/14 bronchial malignancies: 3 squamous cell carcinoma, 9 squamous cell carcinoma in situ, 1 metastatic breast cancer and 1 metastatic islet cell tumor. Bright red fluorescence was also detected in 2/2 squamous dysplasia. Green autofluorescence was observed in the normal part of the bronchus. Conclusions: Results of the present study suggest that the full-color endoscopic fluorescence imaging system can be used to detect malignant and premalignant lesions as red fluorescence against green autofluorescence with Photofrin administration, and this system has the potential to detect absence of autofluorescence in cancerous lesions.
Highlights
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality used against cancers involving the use of a photosensitizer and the local application of laser [1,2]
Bright red fluorescence from Photofrin was observed in 14/14 bronchial malignancies: 3 squamous cell carcinoma, 9 squamous cell carcinoma in situ, metastatic breast cancer and metastatic islet cell tumor
Bright red fluorescence was detected in 2/2 squamous dysplasia
Summary
PDT is a therapeutic modality used against cancers involving the use of a photosensitizer and the local application of laser [1,2]. A hematoporphyrin derivative, Photofrin (dihematoporphyrin ether and/or ester) (Axcan Pharma, Quebec, Canada) is used as the photosensitizer in PDT. It is reported that Photofrin is retained selectively by tumor tissue compared with most normal tissues [4] except the liver, spleen, and kidney [5,6]. The fluorescence of hematoporphyrin derivatives in vivo has been reported in cancers of the lung [7], the bladder [8], and other sites [9]. The difference in concentration of hematoporphyrin derivatives in malignant tissue versus that in surrounding normal tissue is the basis of fluorescence detection and photodynamic diagnosis
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