Abstract
Sepsis is a highly mixed ailment that affects patients with numerous conditions of infectious sources and can lead to multi-organ failure with dysregulated host immune response. To determine inflammatory biomarkers in patients with sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacteria and compare their role in the early detection of sepsis. This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit at different hospitals in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq, from May to December 2021. Patients (n=147) were enrolled in this study according to the primary diagnosis of sepsis by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores. Blood samples were taken from patients to investigate white blood cells, inflammatory biomarkers (pentraxin-3, procalcitonin, adrenomedullin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, interleukin-17A, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-creative protein), blood culture, antibiotic susceptibility test, and coagulation biomarkers (Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and international normalized ratio). Then, isolated Gram-negative bacteria were tested for extended-spectrum β-lactamase enzymes production by screening and combined disc tests. A total of 51.7% samples were blood culture positive for different Gram-negative bacteria, and P. aeruginosa (51.95%) was a more isolated bacterium. Both males and females were affected by sepsis in a ratio of 1.23:1 with different age groups. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase was estimated to be 77.2% by antibiotic profile, and the rate decreased using two double-disc synergy tests. This was confirmed by combined disc test at a rate of 41.35%. The most prevalent biomarkers were procalcitonin (88.16%), adrenomedullin (84.21%), pentraxin-3 (22.37%), and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (11.84%). Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that can be diagnosed early by several blood biomarkers such as procalcitonin, adrenomedullin, and pentraxin-3 combined with a standard blood culture technique to improve the patient outcome.
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