Detection of beta-blocker in plasma and urine

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of beta-blockers, a class of important medications used for treating various cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina pectoris, heart failure, and arrhythmia. The mechanism of beta-blockers involves blocking the binding of epinephrine and norepinephrine to b-adrenoceptors. Accurate targeting of beta-blockers is crucial for athletes participating in archery, billiards, and golf as it can effectively lower heart rate and reduce anxiety. To identify drug compounds, various separation techniques, including HPLC, GC, and CE, are commonly employed. Among these techniques, electrochemical approaches have gained prominence due to their significant advantage of not requiring any separation or extraction processes. Electrochemical methods are also advantageous as they remain unaffected by optically absorbing and fluorescent compounds, a limitation encountered in spectroscopy. Additionally, electrochemical methods can be quickly functionalized with nanomaterials to enhance their performance. While optical methods like spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric techniques offer certain advantages over other analytical approaches, such as affordability, simplicity, and faster analysis times, they may not provide the same straightforward and rapid detection of beta-blockers as the electrochemical methods do. Therefore, considering the specific context and objectives of analysis, researchers can choose between electrochemical and optical techniques to effectively study and detect beta-blockers in different applications.