Detection and Quantification of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds in Water Using SH-SAW Sensors and Estimation-Theory-Based Signal Processing

Abstract

This work investigates a sensor system for direct groundwater monitoring, capable of aqueous-phase measurement of aromatic hydrocarbons at low concentrations (about 100 parts per billion (ppb)). The system is designed to speciate and quantify benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene/xylenes (BTEX) in the presence of potential interferents. The system makes use of polymer-coated shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave devices and a signal processing method based on estimation theory, specifically a bank of extended Kalman filters (EKFs). This approach permits estimation of BTEX concentrations even from noisy data, well before the sensor response reaches equilibrium. To utilize estimation theory, an analytical model for the sensor response to step-changes, starting from clean water, to mixtures of multiple analytes is first formulated that makes use of both equilibrium frequency shifts and response times (for individual analyte), the latter being specific for each combination of coated device and analyte. The mode...