Abstract
Aim:The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize the extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing enteric bacteria in human beings in Mizoram, India.Materials and Methods:Fecal samples were collected from human beings with or without the history of diarrhea from different hospitals of Mizoram. Samples were processed for isolation and identification of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella pneumoniae. All the isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity assays. Phenotypically, ESBLs production ability was determined by double discs synergy test (DDST) method. ESBLs producing isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of ESBLs genes. Plasmids were cured by acridine orange. Transfer of resistance from a donor to recipient strains was done by in vitro horizontal method.Results:A total of 414 enteric bacteria were isolated from 180 fecal samples (113 were from diarrheic patients and 67 were from non-diarrheic patients), of which 333 (80.44%), 52 (12.56%), and 29 (7.00%) were E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp., respectively. Double discs synergy test (DDST) exhibited 72 (21.62%) E. coli, 12 (23.08%) K. pneumoniae and 4 (13.79%) Salmonella spp. were ESBLs producers. Altogether, 24 (13.04%) isolates were found to be positive for at least one resistance genes under this study. A total of 36 (8.70%) E. coli, 4 (0.97%) K. pneumoniae and 2 (0.48%) Salmonella spp. were found to be positive for blaCTX-M-1 gene by PCR. Similarly, 5 (1.21%) E. coli and 4 (0.97%) K. pneumoniae isolates were found to be positive for blaSHV gene. A total of 3 (0.72%) K. pneumoniae isolates were recorded as positive for both blaCTX-M-1 and blaSHV genes. All the isolates were carrying plasmids ranging between 0.9 kb and ~30 kb. The resistance plasmid could not be transferred to a recipient by in vitro horizontal gene transfer method.Conclusion:ESBLs producing enteric bacteria are circulating in human population in North Eastern Region of India. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics should be avoided to control the menace of multidrug resistance bacteria in the environment, animals, and human beings.
Highlights
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins of the first, second, and third generations and aztreonam via hydrolysis of the antibiotics [1]
ESBLs producing enteric bacteria are circulating in human population in North Eastern Region of India
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics should be avoided to control the menace of multidrug resistance bacteria in the environment, animals, and human beings
Summary
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins of the first, second, and third generations and aztreonam via hydrolysis of the antibiotics [1]. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of β-lactam ring of antibiotics, thereby destroying their antimicrobial property. The first plasmid-mediated β-lactamase TEM-1 was originally isolated from the blood culture of a patient named Temoneira in Greece. In the early 1960s, TEM-1 being plasmid and transposons mediated has facilitated its spread to other species of bacteria. It was detected in Klebsiella isolated from
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