Abstract
This mini-review summarizes the most recent progress concerning the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the detection and characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We first discussed the design and synthesis of various types of nanomaterials that can be used as the SERS-active substrates for biosensing trace levels of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We then reviewed the tandem-SERS strategy of integrating a separation element/platform with SERS sensing to achieve the detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environmental, agri-food, and clinical samples. Finally, we demonstrated the application of using SERS to investigate bacterial antibiotic resistance and susceptibility as well as the working mechanism of antibiotics based on spectral fingerprinting of the whole cells.
Highlights
Detection of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria is still a major concern to clinical, agri-food, and environmental agencies and laboratories [1]
Raman spectroscopy and SERS have been validated for their potential in bacterial detection, typing, and characterization for almost three decades
As indicated in numerous review papers related to SERS bacterial study, to develop a stable SERS-active substrate for consistent and global use in a commercial manner is highly critical to promote this versatile technology to environmental, agri-food and clinical applications
Summary
Detection of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria is still a major concern to clinical, agri-food, and environmental agencies and laboratories [1]. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) spectrometry has attracted considerable interest for the rapid identification of pathogens by profiling bacterial proteins from the whole cells [7] This method is not suitable for characterizing a mixed sample [8] and still requires the priori cultivation and sample preparation procedure [9]. SERS is a powerful biochemical fingerprinting technique as it can accurately reflect the macromolecular profiles and changes that occur within the bacterial cells due to the action of the antibiotics [15] In this mini-review paper, we will evaluate the use of SERS coupled with chemometrics as a tool to detect the trace level of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and characterize the mechanism of bacterial antibiotic resistance in an ultra-fast manner. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for Sensing Trace Level of Bacteria
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