Abstract
Ecosystem services (ESs) are highly vulnerable to human activities. Understanding the relationships among multiple ESs and driving mechanisms are crucial for multi-objective management in complex social-ecological systems. The goals of this study are to quantitatively evaluate and identify ESs hotspots, explore the relationships among ESs and elucidate the driving mechanisms. Taking central urban area Chongqing municipality as the study area, biodiversity (BI), carbon fixation (CF), soil conservation (SC) and water conservation (WC) were evaluated based on the InVEST model and ESs hotspots were identified. The complex interactions among multiple ESs were determined by utilizing multiple methods: spearman correlation analysis, bivariate local spatial autocorrelation and K-means clustering. The linear or nonlinear relationships between ESs and drivers were discussed by generalized additive models (GAMs). The results showed that during 2000–2018, except for CF that exhibited no obvious change, all other ESs showed a decrease tendency. High ESs were clustered in mountains, while ESs in urban areas were lowest. At administrative districts scale, ESs were relatively higher in Beibei, Banan and Yubei, and drastically decreased in Jiangbei. Multiple ES hotspots demonstrated clear spatial heterogeneity, which were mainly composed of forestland and distributed in mountainous areas with high altitude and steep slope. The relationships between ES pairs were synergistic at the entire scale. However, at grid scale, the synergies were mainly concentrated in the high-high and low-low clusters, i.e., mountainous areas and urban central areas. Five ESs bundles presented the interactions among multiple ESs, which showed well correspondence with social-ecological conditions. GAMs indicated that forestland and grassland had positive impact on BI and CF. Additionally, SC was mainly determined by geomorphological factors, while WC were mainly influenced by precipitation. Furthermore, policy factors were confirmed to have a certain positive effect on ESs. This study provides credible references for ecosystem management and urban planning.
Highlights
In the Anthropocene era, human activities have a dominant influence on the global environmental change [1]
The high values of water conservation (WC) were mainly located in mountainous areas, which was profoundly influenced by precipitation (Figure 3(d1–d3))
At the administrative districts scale, ecosystem services (ESs) were relatively higher in Beibei, Banan and Yubei, and drastically decreased in Jiangbei, which were closely related to regional vegetation coverage and urbanization development
Summary
In the Anthropocene era, human activities have a dominant influence on the global environmental change [1]. The accelerated processes of global industrialization and urbanization make a significant contribution to socioeconomic development [2], while inevitably. 2021, 13, 4248 disturbing ecosystem structures, functions and processes, resulting in degradation of ecosystem services (ESs) [3]. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) [4] showed that 15 of the 24 ESs have been degraded during the past 50 years. ESs in the processes of social and economic development is an urgent issue to be addressed for urban sustainable development [5]. Many platforms and initiatives have been launched to promote the research and applications of ESs. The International Ecosystem Service Partnership was established in 2008, which provided an exchange platform for global research and practice of ESs [6].
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
