Detecting the 21 cm Signal from the Epoch of Reionization Using Drift Scans: Correlation of Time-ordered Visibilities

Abstract

Abstract We present a formalism to extract the H i power spectrum from the epoch of reionization for drift scans using radio interferometers. Our main aim is to determine the coherence timescale of time-ordered visibilities. We compute the two-point correlation function of the H i visibilities measured at different times to address this question. We determine, for a given baseline, the decorrelation of the amplitude and the phase of this complex function. Our analysis uses primary beams of four ongoing and future interferometers—Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization, Murchison Widefield Array, Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array, and Square Kilometre Array (SKA1-Low). We identify physical processes responsible for the decorrelation of the H i signal and isolate their impact by making suitable analytic approximations. The decorrelation timescale of the amplitude of the correlation function lies in the range of 2–20 minutes for baselines of interest for the extraction of the H i signal. The phase of the correlation function can be made small after scaling out an appropriate term, which also causes the coherence timescale of the phase to be longer than the amplitude of the correlation function. We find that our results are insensitive to the input H i power spectrum, and therefore, they are directly applicable to the analysis of the drift scan data. We also apply our formalism to a set of point sources and statistically homogeneous diffuse correlated foregrounds. We find that point sources decorrelate on a timescale much shorter than the H i signal. This provides a novel mechanism to partially mitigate the foregrounds in a drift scan.