Abstract
Every new generation of wireless communication standard aims to improve the overall performance and quality of service (QoS), compared to the previous generations. Increased data rates, numbers and capabilities of connected devices, new applications, and higher data volume transfers are some of the key parameters that are of interest. To satisfy these increased requirements, the synergy between wireless technologies and optical transport will dominate the 5G network topologies. This work focuses on a fundamental digital function in an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) baseband transceiver architecture and aims at improving the throughput and circuit complexity of this function. Specifically, we consider the high-order QAM demodulation and apply approximation techniques to achieve our goals. We adopt approximate computing as a design strategy to exploit the error resiliency of the QAM function and deliver significant gains in terms of critical performance metrics. Particularly, we take into consideration and explore four demodulation algorithms and develop accurate floating- and fixed-point circuits in VHDL. In addition, we further explore the effects of introducing approximate arithmetic components. For our test case, we consider 64-QAM demodulators, and the results suggest that the most promising design provides bit error rates (BER) ranging from 10−1 to 10−4 for SNR 0–14 dB in terms of accuracy. Targeting a Xilinx Zynq Ultrascale+ ZCU106 (XCZU7EV) FPGA device, the approximate circuits achieve up to 98% reduction in LUT utilization, compared to the accurate floating-point model of the same algorithm, and up to a 122% increase in operating frequency. In terms of power consumption, our most efficient circuit configurations consume 0.6–1.1 W when operating at their maximum clock frequency. Our results show that if the objective is to achieve high accuracy in terms of BER, the prevailing solution is the approximate LLR algorithm configured with fixed-point arithmetic and 8-bit truncation, providing 81% decrease in LUTs and 13% increase in frequency and sustains a throughput of 323 Msamples/s.
Highlights
The results suggest that when using relative small FXP approximations, the computation error that propagates through the circuit is mitigated, and the final likelihood ratio (LLR) values are closer to the reference accurate FLP
Our experimental analysis shows that the proposed approximate 64-QAM demodulators provide bit error rates (BER) ranging from 10−1 to 10−4 for signalto-noise ratio (SNR) 0–14 dB, while they deliver significant resource gains in the Xilinx ZC106 field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)
Experimental results, we conclude the following: (i) The high-order QAM circuits for the Exact LLR algorithm demand an increased amount of resources, even when adopting fixed-point representation and approximation techniques, while its BER performance is matched by the approximate LLR algorithm. (ii) By introducing approximations in the datapath of the approximate LLR algorithm, we significantly reduce the circuit complexity in exchange for negligible accuracy loss, and it can be implemented on the FPGA
Summary
New and/or emerging applications, e.g., video streaming and augmented reality, promise to take advantage of these technologies to offer better and more consistent services to end users. The rapid development of these applications introduces strict bandwidth constraints to maintain robust quality of service (QoS). In this context, the fifth generation (5G) technology standard promises high bandwidth and ultra-low latency for data transmission [1]. The fifth generation (5G) technology standard promises high bandwidth and ultra-low latency for data transmission [1] To tackle these strict constraints imposed on networks infrastructures, efficient solutions must be provided. For the research community, providing optimal circuits for the main computationally intensive tasks of a digital communication system is of high importance
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