Abstract
Shotcrete is a surface support. The decisive factors in mobilizing a surface support to interact with the rock and to stabilize the surface are its bearing capacity, deformation resistance and toughness. Surface support in the form of strong arches of concrete, shotcrete or steel may be sufficient in itself to stabilize a gallery. In other cases it is possible to use surface supports of lower strength that interact with the bolt support to achieve the necessary stability.
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