Abstract
This research explores the comprehensive dynamics of electric bicycles, focusing on the intricate interplay of rolling resistance, gradient resistance, aerodynamic resistance, and acceleration resistance. Through detailed analysis and mathematical formulations, the study aims to provide insights crucial for optimizing the design and efficiency of electric bicycle propulsion systems. By understanding the various resistive forces affecting performance, engineers and researchers can contribute to the ongoing evolution of sustainable urban mobility solutions Within this research, an in-depth examination unfolds, delving into the nuanced dynamics of electric bicycles. The spotlight is on the complex interaction between rolling resistance, gradient resistance, aerodynamic resistance, and acceleration resistance.
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