Abstract
This article describes the effect of high-power electromagnetic environments (HPEMs) on the operation of all basic elements of electrical power networks. Frequency bands are defined for the HPEM environments. Attention is focused particularly on directed energy weapons (DEWs) and intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI). A classification of DEW and IEMI generators in terms of E-field level and target distance from the DEW or IEMI generator antenna aperture is also described. The main focus of this article is on the design and testing of a low-tech DEW generator used to determine the electromagnetic immunity of standard electronic circuits. In addition, verification of electromagnetic immunity for a simple electronic circuit without adequate protection against the E-field is also explained. The outcome of this article is the determination of the E-field limits for fault-free operation, for malfunctioning states of the tested circuits and for irreversible destruction of the circuits. The measured E-field was compared to basic microwave radiation theory and to simulation results in COMSOL Multiphysics software (COMSOL, Inc. 100 District Avenue Burlington, MA 01803 USA).
Highlights
An electricity power network consists of basic elements of generation, transmission, distribution and users or consumers
We introduced severe high-power electromagnetic environments (HPEMs) threats, in particular directed energy weapons (DEWs) and intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI), and discussed their likely impacts on the current and future electrical power networks
The article described the basic classification of DEW and IEMI generators in terms of E-field levels and distance of the target from the DEW or IEMI generator antenna apertures
Summary
An electricity power network consists of basic elements of generation, transmission, distribution and users or consumers. Project CHAMP [23,24] shows results of DEW or IEMI generators onboard a UAV causing high-efficiency disruption or destruction of electronic systems. 2. Concept of a Low-Tech DEW Generator with a Magnetron A magnetron, commonly used in microwave ovens, was selected to produce a microwave power generator operating in the S-band (Figure 2). The electromagnetic energy is radiated into the space in the desired direction This circuit had an overall efficiency of around 55%, and additional effort was made to change and optimize the overall concept of the power microwave generator in order to increase the overall efficiency of the microwave generator. Optimization of the Microwave Power Generator In order to achieve continuous operation of the generator, it was important to design a new concept of the entire connection. When designing a functional microwave power generator, it was important to arrange the various parts (components) so that they did not interfere with each other, in terms of EMI, and primarily in terms of temperature (Figure 5)
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