Abstract
This research paper aimed to design and present a sensitivity analysis of a hybrid photovoltaic-fuel-cell-battery (PV/FC/B) system to supply a small community for the recently planned grand city NEOM in Saudi Arabia. The location of the city of NEOM is characterized by a high average level of solar irradiance. The average daily horizontal solar radiation is around 5.85 kWh/m2. A detailed feasibility and techno-economic evaluation of a PV/FC/B hybrid energy system were done to supply a daily load demand of 500 kWh (peak-35 kW). The PV array was the main source to meet the load demand. During the surplus periods, the battery was charged using extra energy and powered the electrolyzer for hydrogen production. The produced hydrogen was stored for later use. During the deficit periods, the FC and/or battery supported the PV array to meet the load demand. Two benchmarks, the cost of energy (COE) and net present cost (NPC), were used to identify the best size of the PV/FC/B system. Variation of the tilt angle of the PV array and the derating factor were considered to determine the effect of the performance of the PV/FC/B system’s COE and NPC. The main findings confirmed that a 200 kW PV array, 40 kW FC, 96 batteries, 50 kW converter, 110 kW electrolyzer, and 50 kg hydrogen tank was the best option to supply the load demand. The values of total NPC and COE were $500,823 and $0.126/kWh. The annual excess energy was very sensitive to the declination angle of the PV array. The minimum annual excess energy was achieved at an angle of 30 degrees. It decreased by 75.7% and by 60.6% compared to a horizontal surface and 50 degrees of declination, respectively. To prove the viability of the proposed system, a comparison with grid extension along with a diesel generation system was carried out.
Highlights
Electricity demand is increasing very fast because of the increasing rate of energy consumption, the growth rate of the population, and industrial development
Ma et al [21] confirmed that a PV/wind/battery-based hybrid energy system would be a better alternative to an existing diesel generator system based on the economic point of view
The main objective of this paper is to present an optimal design, sensitivity analysis, and detailed feasibility and techno-economic evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic-fuel-cell-battery (PV/FC/B) system to supply a small community in the city of NEOM (Saudi Arabia)
Summary
Electricity demand is increasing very fast because of the increasing rate of energy consumption, the growth rate of the population, and industrial development. Solar- and wind-energy-based power generation are the cost-effective choices among the renewable energy sources to supply power to remote communities compared to the grid supply [4,5]. Ma et al [21] confirmed that a PV/wind/battery-based hybrid energy system would be a better alternative to an existing diesel generator system based on the economic point of view. Optimal sizing of stand-alone hybrid power generation systems is an important part of the system design, which helps to make a cost-effective and reliable system. The main objective of this paper is to present an optimal design, sensitivity analysis, and detailed feasibility and techno-economic evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic-fuel-cell-battery (PV/FC/B) system to supply a small community in the city of NEOM (Saudi Arabia).
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