Abstract
In this study, a miniaturized 2 × 2 sequentially rotated (SR), circularly polarized (CP), and quasi-lumped antenna array that resonates in the IEEE 802.11a band is introduced. The shorting pins technique is implemented to achieve circular radiation patterns, and the resonating elements are excited using a SR quarter-wavelength feeding network. A resonance model of the four radiating elements array is postulated to give a physical insight into the relative dimensions and to allow for a study of the resonance characteristics and the effect of the shorting pins. An antenna model is simulated, fabricated, and measured to authenticate this arrangement, giving results of |S11| < −10 dB and axial ratio (AR) < 3 dB for bandwidths of 3.85% (5.645–5.867 GHz) and 1.54% (5.77–5.86 GHz) for right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). The size of the antenna array structure is 0.696 λ 0 × 0.599 λ 0 × 0.0157 λ 0 at a center frequency of 5.8 GHz.
Highlights
After their introduction in the 1970s, microstrip patch antennas attracted considerable attention due to their useful features, such as ease of analysis and fabrication, desirable radiation characteristics, low mass, cost efficiency, straightforward integration, minimal profile, mechanical robustness, and compatibility with MIMC designs [1, 2]
Corporate and parallel feeds have the advantage that the excitation for such arrays has good design elasticity and ease of integration when two-dimensional arrays are created. e feed magnitude for each element can be controlled by employing either amplifiers or attenuators, and the phase can be controlled using phase shifters
An equivalent impedance model is proposed in order to give a physical description of the resonance frequency of the array. is model is used to validate the simulated and measured resonance operations. e antenna array consists of a quarter-wavelength microstrip feed and resonating elements. e quarter-wave microstrip feed is developed by cascading three segments with characteristic impedance values of 50, 70.7, and 100 Ω, as shown in Figure 3. e microstrip circuit consists of the equivalent radiation conductance Grm and the susceptance of the fringing field capacitance of the microstrip CL. e conductance Grm and capacitance are calculated using (1 and (2), respectively, as reported in [26]: 160π2h2
Summary
After their introduction in the 1970s, microstrip patch antennas attracted considerable attention due to their useful features, such as ease of analysis and fabrication, desirable radiation characteristics, low mass, cost efficiency, straightforward integration, minimal profile, mechanical robustness, and compatibility with MIMC designs [1, 2]. They were considered to be impractical for mobile communications, for installation in mobile handsets because of their large size.
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