Abstract
In this paper, a printed low-profile antenna with frequency and pattern reconfigurable functionality is designed in three modes. Each mode operates at different frequency bands and has several options available for pattern reconfiguration in these bands. The proposed antenna consists of eight pin-diode switches (S1 to S8). The switches S1 and S2, installed in the radiating patch, are used for frequency reconfigurability to control the operating bands of the antenna. The rest of the six switches (S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8), loaded in the stubs on the rear side of the antenna, are used for pattern reconfiguration to control the main lobe beam steering. When all switches are off, the proposed antenna operates in a wideband mode, covering the 3.82-9.32 GHz frequency range. When S1 is on, the antenna resonates in the 3.5 GHz (3.09-4.17 GHz) band. When both S1 and S2 are on, the resonant band of the antenna is shifted to 2.5 GHz band (2.40-2.81 GHz). A very good impedance matching with a return loss of less than -10 dB is attained in these bands. The beam steering is done at each operating frequency by controlling the on and off states of the six pin-diode switches (S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8). Depending on the state of the switches, the antenna can direct the beam in seven distinct directions at 4.2 GHz, 4.5 GHz, and 5 GHz. The main beam of the radiation pattern is steered in five different directions at 5.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 2.6 GHz operating bands for the given state of the mentioned switches. The proposed antenna supports several sub-6 GHz 5G bands (2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 4.2 GHz, 4.5 GHz, and 5 GHz) and can be used in handheld 5G devices.
Highlights
Nowadays, with the fastest development of modern wireless communication technologies operating over a wide range of frequencies, the new 5G radio access networks are expected to simultaneously support the number of connections
It is clearly desirable to use the 5G millimeter wave spectrum to achieve the goal of superfast data rates
The antenna presented in [25] can reconfigure its frequency to 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz and can reconfigure the pattern by configuration of pin diodes loaded within the electromagnetic bandgap (EGB) unit cells
Summary
With the fastest development of modern wireless communication technologies operating over a wide range of frequencies, the new 5G radio access networks are expected to simultaneously support the number of connections. To enable 5G, FCC has divided the main spectrum into low bandwidth (up to 1 GHz), medium band (below 6 GHz), and high bandwidth (mm wave) [1, 2]. The millimeter wave offers data rates over 2 Gbps and huge capacity, while low bandwidth offers good 5G coverage and medium band offers a combination of both. It is clearly desirable to use the 5G millimeter wave spectrum to achieve the goal of superfast data rates. The millimeter waves are prone to atmospheric attenuation and cannot propagate longer distances. The sub-6 GHz waves can propagate longer distances as compared to the millimeter waves and an affordable choice for long range, high data rate communication systems. Before the completion of millimeter wave technology for 5G communication, technology
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