Abstract
This paper presents a reconfigurable antenna operating in three modes at different frequency bands with pattern reconfiguration. Frequency and pattern reconfigurability are achieved using four PIN diodes. In particular, two diodes are mounted in the radiating part of the hexagon shape to perform the frequency reconfiguration of the antenna. The other two PIN diodes are connected with the inverted L-shaped and CPW ground by changing the main lobe beam steering to achieve the pattern reconfiguration. An antenna has been designed, fabricated, and numerically and experimentally assessed. The prototype of the antenna is fabricated on a commercially available FR-4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm ( ε r = 4.3). Thus, the proposed antenna supports several 5G sub-6 GHz bands (3.1 GHz, 4.1 GHz, and 3.8 GHz), WiFi (2.45 GHz), as well as (7.8 GHz, 9.5 GHz) X-Band Satellite applications. The obtained results are quite promising. In particular, it is observed that the measured results are in close agreement with the simulation results, and the proposed (compact) antenna prototype can be a prospective candidate for future portable devices, sensor networks, and telecommunication applications.
Highlights
Reconfigurable antennas are a promising solution to provide operation in several frequency bands or patterns, depending on the design and network requirements [1], and are becoming a research focus for several wireless transmission standards
To verify the design and simulation outcomes, the antenna is fabricated, and experimental work is performed at an anechoic chamber in the National University of Science and Technology (NUST). e fabricated antenna is equipped with a coaxial subminiature type A (SMA) connector, as shown in Figure 9, along with the measurement setup consisting of a turntable and RF cables in the chamber. e whole measurement setup is first calibrated, and several sets of measurements are performed to validate the performance of the fabricated antenna. e scattering parameter has been measured with a vectorial network analysis
For the three switching modes, the radiation pattern plots are outlined in Figures 14–16, while the surface current distributions are depicted in Figures 17–19. e detailed discussion of the obtained results for the three modes (1, 2, and 3) is as follows
Summary
Reconfigurable antennas are a promising solution to provide operation in several frequency bands or patterns, depending on the design and network requirements [1], and are becoming a research focus for several wireless transmission standards. A differential antenna design for reconfiguring frequency characteristics is presented in [6], and such designs can be extended to operate in several frequency bands, such as WLAN standards of WiFi, UTMS, and WiMAX [7] To make such an antenna compatible with wearable or airborne applications, a low-profile design in [8] provides operation in the ISM and airport radar bands. A partially reflective surface (PRS) based pattern reconfigurable design is presented in [11], which provides beam steering for the angles of +78°, 0°, and -78° with a high gain at the operating frequency of 1.8 GHz. A similar design for wireless sensor network (WSN) is reported in [12] for a license-free ISM band of 2.4 GHz to steer the beam in four different directions (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°).
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