Abstract
Current parking systems employ a single gateway-centered solution (i.e., cloud) for data processing which leads to the possibility of a single point of failure, data loss, and high delays. Moreover, the parking-spot selection process considers criteria that do not maximize parking utilization and revenue. The pricing strategy does not achieve high revenue because a fixed pricing rate is utilized. To address these issues, this paper proposes a smart parking system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) that provides useful information to drivers and parking administrators about available parking spots and related services such as parking navigation, reservation, and availability estimation. A multi-layer architecture is developed that consists of multiple sensor nodes, and fog and cloud computing layers. The acquired parking data are processed through fog computing nodes to facilitate obtaining the required real-time parking data. A novel algorithm to obtain the optimal parking spot with the minimum arrival time is also presented. Proof-of-concept implementation and simulation evaluations are conducted to validate the system performance. The findings show that the system reduces the parking arrival time by 16–46% compared to current parking systems. In addition, the revenue is increased for the parking authority by 10–15%.
Highlights
The smart city concept integrates information and communication technologies (ICT) to facilitate sustainable development, economic growth, and quality-of-life improvement [1,2,3]
The system consists of cloud computing, fog computing nodes, a group of sensors, and parking management software to acquire and process the data related to parking booking, availability, and pricing
The parking-spot selection process uses an optimization algorithm that selects the optimal parking with the aim of minimizing the arrival time to a parking spot
Summary
The smart city concept integrates information and communication technologies (ICT) to facilitate sustainable development, economic growth, and quality-of-life improvement [1,2,3]. During the waiting time due to congestion, the vehicles are burning fuel unnecessarily, causing high greenhouse gas emissions [8] These issues can be addressed using a smart parking system that helps drivers to determine and reserve parking spots in advance before reaching their destination. Such systems would become highly significant in almost every major city in the world, especially during large events (e.g., conferences, religious events, sporting events, festivals, and concerts).
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