Abstract
Recently, second-life battery systems have received a growing interest as one of the most promising alternatives for decreasing the overall cost of the battery storage systems in stationary applications. The high-cost of batteries represents a prominent barrier for their use in traction and stationary applications. To make second-life batteries economically viable for stationary applications, an effective power-electronics converter should be selected as well. This converter should be supported by an energy management strategy (EMS), which is needed for controlling the power flow among the second-life battery modules based on their available capacity and performance. This article presents the design, analysis and implementation of a generic energy management strategy (GEMS). The proposed GEMS aims to control and distribute the load demand between battery storage systems under different load conditions and disturbances. This manuscript provides the experimental verification of the proposed management strategy. The results have demonstrated that the GEMS can robustly handle any level of performance inequality among the used-battery modules with the aim to integrate different levels (i.e., size, capacity, and chemistry type) of the second-life battery modules at the same time and in the same application.
Highlights
Global electricity generation has swiftly grown in order to fulfill consumer demand.For instance, over the last four decades, the annual aggregate production of electricity increased from6144 TWh to 23,391 TWh, an average annual growth rate of 3.4% [1]
The experimental results aim to validate the ability of the generic energy management strategy (GEMS) for controlling the energy flow of three second-life modules under different load conditions and disturbances, as will be presented of three second-life modules under different load conditions and disturbances, as will be presented in
The voltage and current of each battery module have been measured at two levels: (1) at the cell level by using the battery management system (BMS) module; and (2) at the module level by using the distributed power system (DPS)
Summary
Global electricity generation has swiftly grown in order to fulfill consumer demand.For instance, over the last four decades, the annual aggregate production of electricity increased from6144 TWh to 23,391 TWh (terawatt hour), an average annual growth rate of 3.4% [1]. Global electricity generation has swiftly grown in order to fulfill consumer demand. Over the last four decades, the annual aggregate production of electricity increased from. 6144 TWh to 23,391 TWh (terawatt hour), an average annual growth rate of 3.4% [1]. In 2013, the fossil fuel-powered plants (such as: oil, natural gas and coal/peat) contributed approximately 67.2% of the global electricity generation [1,2]. Reliance on fossil fuels leads to increasing pollution of the environment and the deterioration of human health. The depletion of fossil fuels is a concern and should be taken into account. The future electricity generation should reduce its reliance on fossil fuels by the growing use of clean and renewable energy generation sources
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