Description of heavy ion collisions with medium dependent forces

Abstract

One of the proclaimed goals of heavy ion collisions with 100 MeV up to 2000 MeV per nucleon is the determination of the equation of state of nuclear matter, which one needs for example for neutron stars, supernova explosions and the early universe. But the situation in heavy ion collisions is quite different from thermal equilibrium with a spherical momentum distribution and a fixed temperature. The effective nucleon-nucleon interaction as determined for example by the solution of the Bethe-Goldstone equation depends through the Pauli operator and through the single particle energies on the surrounding nuclear matter. This dependence is especially pronounced since the nucleon-nucleon interacting is highly momentum dependent: It is attractive at small relative momenta and repulsive at higher values. Thus the effective nucleon-nucleon interaction in heavy ion collisions depends on the distribution of the surrounding nuclear matter in orbital and momentum space. Here results are presented using for the description of heavy ion reactions at intermediate energies Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) in a non-relativistic and in a completely covariant (RQMD) form. We show that the production of gamma-rays, pions and the inclusive spectra of nucleons and light nuclei are not sensitive to the equation of states. An observable sensitive to the equation of state is the perpendicular momentum distribution in heavy ion collisions. Also sensitive is the production of heavier particles like K + and K − mesons and antiprotons below the NN threshold. These collisions can have enough energy to compress and heat up nuclear matter and since they are below the NN threshold several nucleons must cooperate.