Abstract
Bone as a hard tissue has several functions such as supporting our body and protecting internal organs. In addition, bone has a pivotal role in the regulation of circulatory mineral concentrations. Therefore, abnormal bone metabolism is sometimes accompanied by deranged serum calcium or phosphate levels as shown in patients with malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH) or tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) . Parathyroid hormone-related protein, PTHrP, was cloned as a major humoral factor causing MAH. Similarly, fibroblast growth factor 23, FGF23, was identified as a causative factor for TIO. Therefore, MAH and TIO are not only important in clinical practice but also gave us deep insights into the mechanisms of mineral homeostasis, and bone and cartilage metabolism.
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