Depression and Tension Type Headache: Untangling the Cause and Effects Relationship through HSQ-EV and PHQ-9 in Medical students: A Pan India Study

Abstract

Depression is a widespread mental disorder, affecting approximately 280 million people globally. It's characterized by persistent low mood and loss of interest in daily activities. Depression disproportionately affects women and is linked to a heightened risk of suicide, making it a significant public health concern. In 2019, it ranked as the largest contributor to mental health-related disability. Another prevalent issue is tension-type headache (TTH), a neurological condition causing a band-like discomfort around the forehead. Headache disorders, including TTH and migraines, were the 14th leading cause of disability worldwide in 2019. Migraines, characterized by severe pain and neurological symptoms, are particularly impactful and prevalent among women and high socio-demographic groups. Recent research has explored the relationship between depression and headaches, revealing a bidirectional association. People with chronic TTH often exhibit higher rates of anxiety and depression. Moreover, individuals with depression have an increased risk of developing migraines or TTH. A Pan-India cross-sectional observational study was conducted across many medical colleges in India between September 11, 2023 and September 28, 2023. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data using web-based linkages. Based on these findings, it was established there is positive association between Depression and TTH (p=0.003898, X2=11.09). We found a bidirectional relationship between Depression and TTH. We also found that depressed mood also increases the frequency and intensity of TTH. Keywords: Depression, Tension - Type Headache, Medical Students, Headache