Abstract

Activation of skeletal muscle contractions require that action potentials can be excited and propagated along the muscle fibers. Recent studies have revealed that muscle fiber excitability is regulated during repeated firing of action potentials by cellular signaling systems that control the function of ion channel that determine the resting membrane conductance (Gm). In fast-twitch muscle, prolonged firing of action potentials triggers a marked increase in Gm, reducing muscle fiber excitability and causing action potential failure. Both ClC-1 and KATP ion channels contribute to this Gm rise, but the exact molecular regulation underlying their activation remains unclear. Studies in expression systems have revealed that ClC-1 is able to bind adenosine nucleotides, and that low adenosine nucleotide levels result in ClC-1 activation. In three series of experiments, this study aimed to explore whether ClC-1 is also regulated by adenosine nucleotides in native skeletal muscle fibers, and whether the adenosine nucleotide sensitivity of ClC-1 could explain the rise in Gm muscle fibers during prolonged action potential firing. First, whole cell patch clamping of mouse muscle fibers demonstrated that ClC-1 activation shifted in the hyperpolarized direction when clamping pipette solution contained 0 mM ATP compared with 5 mM ATP. Second, three-electrode Gm measurement during muscle fiber stimulation showed that glycolysis inhibition, with 2-deoxy-glucose or iodoacetate, resulted in an accelerated and rapid >400% Gm rise during short periods of repeated action potential firing in both fast-twitch and slow-twitch rat, and in human muscle fibers. Moreover, ClC-1 inhibition with 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid resulted in either an absence or blunted Gm rise during action potential firing in human muscle fibers. Third, Gm measurement during repeated action potential firing in muscle fibers from a murine McArdle disease model suggest that the rise in Gm was accelerated in a subset of fibers. Together, these results are compatible with ClC-1 function being regulated by the level of adenosine nucleotides in native tissue, and that the channel operates as a sensor of skeletal muscle metabolic state, limiting muscle excitability when energy status is low.

Highlights

  • Skeletal muscle contractions support human overall health, underlying both body movement and posture, and ventilation

  • To study whether ClC-1 opening is sensitive to differences in intracellular ATP levels ([ATP]) in native skeletal muscle fibers, whole cell patch clamping was performed on isolated fasttwitch muscle fibers from mice with either 0 or 5 mM ATP in the pipette solution

  • The physiological importance of a decline in adenosine nucleotides and altered metabolic profile for muscle function has been studied extensively and several cellular mechanisms involved in the excitation-contraction coupling are sensitive to the specific metabolites

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Summary

Introduction

Skeletal muscle contractions support human overall health, underlying both body movement and posture, and ventilation. Multiple cellular mechanisms are likely to contribute to fatigue during exercise, depending on the type of exercise and type of muscle fibers being recruited by the nervous system [1]. The energy consumption of skeletal muscle increases dramatically when contracting during exercise, and a correlation between the metabolic state and performance of the muscle is well-known [2]. Several steps in the excitation-contraction coupling that link neuronal command to muscle force production are known to be sensitive to fluctuations in metabolites during exercise [2, 4]

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