Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxin found in cereals as well as in processed products such as pasta, and causes substantial economic losses for stock breeding as it induces vomiting, reduced feeding, and reduced growth rates in piglets. Oxidative phosphorylation, TCA-cycle, transcription, and translation have been hypothesized to be leading pathways that are affected by DON. We used an application of high and low glucose to examine oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic glycolysis. A change in the metabolic status of IPEC-J2 was observed and confirmed by microarray data. Measurements of oxygen consumption resulted in a significant reduction, if DON attacks from the basolateral. Furthermore, we found a dose-dependent effect with a significant reduction at 2000 ng/mL. In addition, SLC7A11 and PHB, the genes with the highest regulation in our microarray analyses under low glucose supply, were investigated and showed a variable regulation on protein level. Lactate production and glucose consumption was investigated to examine the impact of DON on anaerobic glycolysis and we observed a significant increase in 2000 blhigh and a decrease in 2000 aphigh. Interestingly, both groups as well as 200 blhigh showed a significant higher de novo protein synthesis when compared to the control. These results indicate the direct or indirect impact of DON on metabolic pathways in IPEC-J2.
Highlights
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxin, which is produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum in oats, maize, barley, and wheat
The uncoupling of ATP generation by FCCP reduced cellular ATP content only in low glucose conditions. Similar to this is the increased oxygen consumption under low glucose conditions, indicating the optimized usage of glucose derived pyruvate in oxidative phosphorylation
Our results showed that DON had an effect on oxygen consumption if it attacks from the basolateral side (Figure 6A)
Summary
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxin, which is produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum in oats, maize, barley, and wheat. Toxins 2018, 10, 464 in crops, and used for food and feed production in Europe and North America [1]. DON affects the immune system and gastrointestinal tract via disruption of the intestinal barrier function and regulation of nutrient transporter gene expression the effects are not consistent [4,5,6,7]. Several studies have shown that DON inhibits barrier function and induces the proinflammatory gene expression of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1ß. In vitro, it affects membrane integrity depending on dose, cell line, and exposure time [8,9,10,11]. In an in vivo study, Dänicke et al showed significantly reduced protein synthesis (fractional synthesis rate (FSR)) in the kidneys, spleen, and ileum of DON-exposed pigs, but jejunum and jejunal mucosa cells were not affected by DON [13]
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