Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent mycotoxin in swine feedstuffs. The intestinal epithelial cells represent the first target for the DON. Here, we studied the effects of DON and mycotoxin adsorbent agents on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and inflammation-associated gene expression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Results showed that phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways (p38, ERK, and JNK) was increased after treatment of DON or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in IPEC-J2 cells. The phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK was not further enhanced after co-treatment with DON and LPS. The inos and cox-2 mRNA expression were significantly induced at 6 h after treatment of DON. DON treatment significantly increased the claudin 3 and occludin mRNA expression at 12 h. DON in combination with LPS treatment did not further increase the inflammation and tight junction-associated gene expression. The DON-induced phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways was impaired by mycotoxin adsorbent agent (nanoscale silicate platelets and the mixture of montmorillonites and yeast cell walls) treatment, thereby decreasing inflammation and tight junction-associated gene expression. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that DON triggers the inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells by phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways and LPS does not further augment the DON-induced inflammatory responses. Mycotoxin adsorbent agents can attenuate DON-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells through modulation of the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK.
Highlights
These findings demonstrate that DON triggers the inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells by phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and LPS does not further augment the DON-induced inflammatory responses
The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) reached a peak at 0.5 h (p < 0.05) and declined to the basal level at 2 h after treatment of DON
We demonstrated that DON or LPS treatment induced phosIn the present study, we demonstrated that DON or LPS treatment induced phosphophorylation of p38, ERK, and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in IPEC-J2 cells
Summary
The provision of feed is an important source of nutrients for animal production. Fungal contamination of animal feed is a global epidemic that causes a significant economic impact on animal health [1]. The secondary metabolites secreted by molds, exhibits acute and chronic effects on livestock depending on species and susceptibility [2]. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common mycotoxin in the feed and cereal-based feed ingredients [3,4]. Pigs are considered highly susceptible to DON contamination versus other farm animals [5]. Exposure of the pigs to high levels of
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