Densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis in men: effect of measurement site and normative database.

Abstract

Controversy exists regarding which sites to measure, and the appropriate reference database to use, for densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis in men. While hip and spine bone mineral density (BMD) measurement is routine, spinal osteoarthritis often elevates measured BMD in older men. Additionally, the use of male reference data is standard practice; however, recent reports suggest that a female database may be more appropriate. This study evaluated the effect of sites measured, and normative database utilized, on the densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis in men. Spine, femur, and ultradistal radial BMD T-scores were determined in 595 male veterans using the GE Lunar male normative database. Subsequently, World Health Organization diagnostic criteria were applied, identifying 282 men with osteoporosis (T-score </= 2.5). The combination of femoral (lowest of neck or total) with the ultradistal radius site was more sensitive (p < 0.0001) for diagnosing osteoporosis than femur plus lumbar spine. When scans from 129 subjects with documented fractures were analyzed using female normative data, fewer (p < 0.0001) met an arbitrary threshold for receiving pharmacologic osteoporosis therapy. In conclusion, BMD measurement at only the spine and hip leads to underdiagnosis of osteoporosis in men. This situation will be exacerbated by utilization of a female normative database; more men with prior fracture may be categorized as not meeting a pharmaceutical intervention threshold.