Abstract
After exploring the prevailing ethical considerations, Chapter 4 provides perspectives on demographic transitions—particularly with regard to fertility rates, consumption, and environmental impact. It outlines how global demographics are changing and how the world population is becoming more urban, more mobile, and older. These changes are not uniform, though—fertility rates vary substantially, from 0.99 children per woman in Hong Kong to 7.19 per woman in Niger. Many of the outliers are scattered across sub-Saharan Africa, where the ‘demographic transition’ toward replacement-level fertility rates has stalled. This chapter argues that the key to lower fertility rates is lower child mortality, access to family planning, and women’s empowerment through education. Climate change, however, accentuates the problems associated with high fertility and the chapter observes more rapid progress with the demographic transition as a key element in addressing the devastating impact of climate change, particularly in the lowest-income countries.
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