Democratization, Elections, and Public Goods: The Evidence from Deforestation

Abstract

AbstractThis article shows that over the last three decades, competitive elections were associated with increased deforestation. Protection of forested areas provides long‐term public goods, while their destruction provides short‐term private goods for particular voters. Politicians facing a competitive election offer voters access to forested areas mainly for small‐scale farming or commercial use of timber in exchange for electoral support. I test this theory of political deforestation using satellite generated global forest cover data and the results of over 1,000 national‐level elections between 1982 and 2016. I find that countries that undergo a democratic transition lose an additional 0.8 percentage points of their forest cover each year, that years with close elections have over 1 percentage point per year higher forest cover loss compared to nonelection years, and that as the margin of victory in an election decreases by 10 points, the amount of deforestation increases by 0.7 percentage points per year. These increases are on the order of 5–10 times the average rate of forest loss globally. This suggests democratization is associated with underprovision of environmental public goods and contested elections are partially responsible for this underprovision.