Demand-driven energy requirement of world economy 2007: A multi-region input–output network simulation

Abstract

This study presents a network simulation of the global embodied energy flows in 2007 based on a multi-region input–output model. The world economy is portrayed as a 6384-node network and the energy interactions between any two nodes are calculated and analyzed. According to the results, about 70% of the world’s direct energy input is invested in resource, heavy manufacture, and transportation sectors which provide only 30% of the embodied energy to satisfy final demand. By contrast, non-transportation services sectors contribute to 24% of the world’s demand-driven energy requirement with only 6% of the direct energy input. Commodity trade is shown to be an important alternative to fuel trade in redistributing energy, as international commodity flows embody 1.74E+20J of energy in magnitude up to 89% of the traded fuels. China is the largest embodied energy exporter with a net export of 3.26E+19J, in contrast to the United States as the largest importer with a net import of 2.50E+19J. The recent economic fluctuations following the financial crisis accelerate the relative expansions of energy requirement by developing countries, as a consequence China will take over the place of the United States as the world’s top demand-driven energy consumer in 2022 and India will become the third largest in 2015.