Energy Embodiments of the GCC and NEA Countries

Abstract

This chapter shows the invisible energy connections between the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and the North East Asia (NEA) countries. A multi-region input-output model is constructed to trace the energy flows embodied in the economic network of the world. Energy balances of the GCC and NEA countries are reexamined based on the concept of embodied energy. All the concerned countries except the United Arab Emirates and Japan have larger embodied energy inputs comparing to their direct energy inputs. The exports from the GCC countries are dominated by direct energy trade, while those from the NEA countries depend mainly on indirect energy. By separating the energy inputs from different regional sources, the impacts of consumption changes of the GCC and the NEA countries are quantified.