Abstract
Fruits high in antioxidants such as berries and pomegranates have been shown to have many biological effects, including anticancer activity. We previously reported that bilberry (European blueberry) extract exhibited cytotoxic effects on MCF7-GFP-Tubulin breast cancer cells. To delve further into the mechanism of action of bilberry extract, we focused on two of the most abundant anthocyanins found in bilberry, delphinidin and cyanidin. In this study, we examined the radical scavenging activity, antiproliferative, and apoptotic effects of delphinidin and cyanidin on MCF7 breast cancer cells in comparison to Trolox, a vitamin E analog. DPPH radical scavenging activity assay showed at 50% antioxidant activity, an IC 50 of 80 µM, 63 µM, 1.30 µM for delphinidin, cyanidin, and Trolox, respectively. As determined by SRB assay, delphinidin, cyanidin, and Trolox were shown to inhibit MCF7 cell proliferation at IC50 of 120 µM, 47.18 µM, and 11.25 µM, respectively. Immunofluorescence revealed that delphinidin, cyanidin, and Trolox caused apoptotic features such as rounding up of cell, retraction of pseudopodes, condensation of chromatin, minor modification of cytoplasmic organelles, and plasma membrane blebbing. Together, these results show that delphinidin and cyanidin have significant radical scavenging activity, inhibit cell proliferation, and increase apoptosis of MCF7 breast cancer cells.
Highlights
Total amount of anthocyanins and oxygen radical absorbing capacity of four Vaccinium species was measured and blueberries were found to be one of the richest sources of antioxidant phytonutrients [1]
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) contains several anthocyanidins, cyanidin, which is found in highest quantity, delphinidin and petunidin found in quantities 2.5 fold lower than cyanidin, and malvidin and peonidin [2]
The free radical scavenging capability of delphinidin and cyanidin was compared with the scavenging effects of Trolox, a reference standard antioxidant, by DPPH antioxidant assay
Summary
Total amount of anthocyanins and oxygen radical absorbing capacity of four Vaccinium species was measured and blueberries were found to be one of the richest sources of antioxidant phytonutrients [1]. Numerous anticancer effects from anthocyanins include cytotoxicity [5], antioxidation [6,7,8,9,10,11,12], anti-inflammation [13], cell cycle perturbations[14], active oxygen radical scavenging effect [11,15], lipid peroxidation [16], antiproliferation [5,17,18,19], epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition [20], and apoptosis [21,22,23,24]. We have demonstrated inhibition of proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis-like cytotoxicity of MCF7 human breast cancer cells by bilberry extract [26]. Due to their abundance in bilberry, delphinidin and cyanidin were examined for their radical scavenging ability, antiproliferative effects, and apoptosis inducing effect in MCF7 cells. DPPH radical scavenging assay, sulforhodamine B proliferation assay, and immunocytochemistry assay are used to examine the anticancer effects of delphinidin, cyanidin, and Trolox on MCF7 cells
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