Delayed Antagonism of AMPA/Kainate Receptors Reduces Long-Term Functional Deficits Resulting from Spinal Cord Trauma

Abstract

Excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors play a significant role in delayed neuronal death after ischemic and traumatic injury to the CNS. Focal microinjection experiments have demonstrated that 2,3-dihydro-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), a highly selective and potent antagonist of non-N-methyl-d-aspartate ionotropic EAA receptors, i.e., those preferring α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) or kainate, can reduce histopathology and functional deficits when administered at 15 min after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Similarly, intravenous infusion of NBQX, beginning at 15 min postinjury (p.i.), results in a significant amelioration of the functional deficits produced by experimental SCI. However, if antagonists of AMPA/kainate receptors were to be used therapeutically for patients with SCI, administration would likely be delayed for several hours after injury. We therefore examined the effects of NBQX administered at 4 h after SCI on functional deficits and histopathology in a standardized rat model of contusive SCI. An incomplete SCI was produced in Sprague–Dawley rats at T8 with a weight-drop device (10 g×2.5 cm). NBQX (15 nmol), or vehicle alone, was microinjected into the injury site 4 h later. Recovery of hind limb reflexes, postural control, and locomotor function was determined by a battery of behavioral tests performed for 8 weeks. Spinal cord tissue was then fixed by perfusion and used for morphometric and immunocytochemical analyses. Previous studies with acute NBQX treatment showed significant functional improvement by 1 week; the effects of delayed NBQX treatment on functional deficits were not discernible until 3–4 weeks after SCI. Thereafter, significant reductions in hindlimb deficits were demonstrated in two independent studies. The nature and magnitude of the reductions in chronic deficits were similar to those observed previously when NBQX was administered acutely at 15 min after SCI. Morphometric analyses showed that delayed treatment with NBQX resulted in sparing of gray matter adjacent to the injury site but no significant effect on the area of white matter at the epicenter. However, serotonin immunoreactivity below the lesion, used as a marker for preservation of one supraspinal pathway, was significantly higher in the NBQX-treated group. These results support a therapeutic potential for NBQX, and presumably other AMPA antagonists, in SCI by demonstrating effectiveness in a clinically relevant time frame. They indicate the importance of assessing chronic functional deficits in evaluating the therapeutic potential of a treatment paradigm. Further, they suggest the intriguing hypothesis that mechanisms underlying early functional recovery after SCI are, at least in part, distinct those from those involved in reducing chronic functional deficits.