Degradation of Dimethyl phthalate through Fe(II)/ Peroxymonosulfate heightened by fulvic acid: efficiency and possible mechanism

Abstract

Ferrous iron (Fe(II)) reacts with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to form active oxidants that can degrade refractory organic pollutants. However, the conversion rate of Fe(III) to Fe(II) is slow, which limits its actual application. In the study, the effect of fulvic acid (FA) on the degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) by Fe(II)/PMS was investigated. Moreover, the degradation process of DMP was predicted by the preliminary identification of active free radicals and intermediates. As expected, FA gave rise to a higher concentration of Fe(II) than that in Fe(II)/PMS to enhance the removal of DMP in Fe(II)/PMS system. The precipitate, involved in FA and iron, was an important composite to promote the degradation of DMP in the system. Also, the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to model and optimize the degradation conditions of DMP. The highest removal efficiency (85.70%) was obtained at pH = 3.86, [PMS] = 0.96 mM, [FA] = 11.44 mg/L and [DMP] = 5 μM. The results of free radical quenching experiments and EPR showed that ·OH and SO4 •- were the main active radicals in this system. The degradation intermediates of DMP were monomethyl phthalate (MMP), phthalic acid, and benzoic acid. Discoveries of this study had raised current understanding of the application of FA keeping the cycles of Fe(II)/Fe(III) for peroxymonosulfate activation, which could afford valuable information for the degradation of organic pollutants by FA/Fe(II)/PMS.