Abstract
In this study, the degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) is investigated by using a combination of microwave (MW) irradiation and hydrogen peroxide as oxidant (the MW–H2O2-process). The influence of the critical parameters on the efficiency of the process is examined by applying Partial Least Square Regression (PLS) on a Design of Experiments (DOE). Also, a kinetic evaluation of the process is carried out. Results showed that the MW–H2O2-process is effective in the degradation of 4-CP. The most influential parameter of the MW–H2O2-process is the reaction temperature. Besides this parameter, the reaction time, initial 4-CP concentration, and initial hydrogen peroxide concentration have a (minor) influence on the 4-CP degradation. A maximum degradation efficiency within the levels of the DOE (remaining percentage of 4-CP of 34%) was achieved with an initial 4-CP concentration of 1000 mg/L, an initial H2O2 concentration of 11 g/L, reaction temperature of 180 °C, and reaction time of 20 min. The process follows pseudo first order reaction kinetics.
Highlights
The environmental standards for pollutants in wastewater are becoming increasingly stringent.Non- or poorly biodegradable pollutants such as chlorophenols are frequently encountered in different types of industrial wastewater, with some of them having toxic effects on the microorganisms of a biological wastewater treatment plant
One specific group of techniques to remove these pollutants in wastewater are Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
MW were applied to a reaction mixture containing 1000 mg/L 4-CP and no H2 O2
Summary
The environmental standards for pollutants in wastewater are becoming increasingly stringent.Non- or poorly biodegradable pollutants such as chlorophenols are frequently encountered in different types of industrial wastewater, with some of them having toxic effects on the microorganisms of a biological wastewater treatment plant. Chlorophenols are widely used as disinfecting agents or preservatives in wood, paint, plant fibers, and leather [1]. They are especially known for their bactericidal properties, adverse effects on plant growth, and tendency to bioaccumulate in organisms [2]. One specific group of techniques to remove these pollutants in wastewater are Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). In these processes, hydroxyl radicals (*OH) are generated in situ, and are responsible for the oxidation and mineralization of the organic pollutants. The combination of hydrogen peroxide with iron salts, UV irradiation, and ozone, respectively, is used to produce these hydroxyl radicals
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