Abstract
Driven by the increasing plea for greener transportation and efficient integration of renewable energy sources, Ni-rich metal layered oxides, namely NMC, Li [Ni1−x−yCoyMnz] O2 (x + y ≤ 0.4), and NCA, Li [Ni1−x−yCoxAly] O2, cathode materials have garnered huge attention for the development of Next-Generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The impetus behind such huge celebrity includes their higher capacity and cost effectiveness when compared to the-state-of-the-art LiCoO2 (LCO) and other low Ni content NMC versions. However, despite all the beneficial attributes, the large-scale deployment of Ni-rich NMC based LIBs poses a technical challenge due to less stability of the cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI) and diverse degradation processes that are associated with electrolyte decomposition, transition metal cation dissolution, cation–mixing, oxygen release reaction etc. Here, the potential degradation routes, recent efforts and enabling strategies for mitigating the core challenges of Ni-rich NMC cathode materials are presented and assessed. In the end, the review shed light on the perspectives for the future research directions of Ni-rich cathode materials.
Highlights
There is a growing necessity for reducing CO2 emissions to prevent further upsurge of the global temperature and, thereby, safeguard the fate of our planet and its occupants [1]. This calls for an urgent transition from the limited, as well as polluting, fossil fuels and internal combustion vehicles (ICEs) to renewable energy sources and electro mobility respectively [2,3]. 80% of the transportation in USA and Germany is linked to on-road vehicles and, moving towards electric vehicles, offers the potential for emission saving
Green energy sources are intermittent in nature and their proper utilization demands the use of highly efficient and durable electrochemical energy storage devices [4]
Transition metal cations and their chemistries play a major role in the aging and degradation processes in layered cathode based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)
Summary
There is a growing necessity for reducing CO2 emissions to prevent further upsurge of the global temperature and, thereby, safeguard the fate of our planet and its occupants [1] This calls for an urgent transition from the limited, as well as polluting, fossil fuels and internal combustion vehicles (ICEs) to renewable (e.g., solar, wind, etc.) energy sources and electro mobility (electric vehicles, xEVs) respectively [2,3]. Amid existing electrochemical energy storage devices, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted huge attention as one of the most versatile and enabler devices for use in a wide range of applications. Owing to the fact that the anode materials offer a higher Li-ion storage capacity than the cathode, the latter presents to be the most important and limiting factor for the energy density of LIBs [9,10,11,12]. A conclusive remark shedding light on the future research directions is precisely presented
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