Abstract
Improving the healthspan—the length of the lifespan spent free of disease—and prolonging the human lifespan in general are important objectives both in medicine and for society. The difference between lifespan and healthspan encompasses not only the influence of disease, but also of rapid physiological deterioration and its consequent risk of concomitant illness and polypharmacy, further augmenting physiological decompensation—frailty. Frailty is a functional term that refers to a decline in physiological function, leading to dependency, vulnerability to stressors, and a high risk of poor health-related outcomes (eg, metabolic disorders, infections, and cancer), which results in an increased risk of morbidity and mortality.
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