DEFEITOS DO DESENVOLVIMENTO DO ESMALTE: ASPECTOS GERAIS DA HIPOMINERALIZAÇÃO MOLAR-INCISIVO E DA FLUOROSE DENTÁRIA

Abstract

Objective: Describe the general aspects of the Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE), focusing on Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and Dental Fluorosis. Taking into account its etiology, clinical characteristics, prevalence and treatment, as well as its relevance to Dentistry. Methodology: The study is a bibliographic review developed through the research of articles in the PubMed, SciELO, and BVS databases. The descriptores, consulted in DeCS, were: dental enamel, tooth abnormalities, dental fluorosis and tooth demineralization. Results and Discussion: DDE are alterations in the structure of the mineralized tissue. It occurs at any stage of amelogenesis, resulting in malformations of quantitative or qualitative nature. MIH and dental fluorosis, hypomineralization with different patterns, stand out among these defects. MIH affects permanent molars and incisors. Clinically, it presents areas of demarcated opacity of variable color and multifactorial etiology. Individuals with these alterations have more susceptibility to develop carious lesions and dental erosion. In addition, cases of hypersensitivity are common, making its treatment challenging. Dental Fluorosis is clinically similar to MIH. Nonetheless, it is characterized as areas of diffuse opaque enamel, symmetrical and bilateral. Its etiology is directly related to small doses of fluoride ingested daily by individuals during the tooth formation stage. Fluoride, in turn, is used in dentifrices and other vehicles to prevent dental caries, considered an endemic disease in several parts of the world. The treatment varies between cases: restorative, orthodontic or prosthetic rehabilitation can be performed. Final Considerations: Given the rate of occurrence and the impacts caused by MIH and fluorosis, it becomes evident a need for preventive and interventional approaches, especially in susceptible individuals. Therefore, the knowledge of the general aspects of MIH and fluorosis by dentists is essential for choosing the best therapeutic conduct and consequent improvement in the quality of life of these patients.