Abstract
Cooperation is a fundamental social mechanism, whose effects on human performance have been investigated in several environments. Online games are modern-days natural settings in which cooperation strongly affects human behavior. Every day, millions of players connect and play together in team-based games: the patterns of cooperation can either foster or hinder individual skill learning and performance. This work has three goals: (i) identifying teammates' influence on players' performance in the short and long term, (ii) designing a computational framework to recommend teammates to improve players' performance, and (iii) setting to demonstrate that such improvements can be predicted via deep learning. We leverage a large dataset from Dota 2, a popular Multiplayer Online Battle Arena game. We generate a directed co-play network, whose links' weights depict the effect of teammates on players' performance. Specifically, we propose a measure of network influence that captures skill transfer from player to player over time. We then use such framing to design a recommendation system to suggest new teammates based on a modified deep neural autoencoder and we demonstrate its state-of-the-art recommendation performance. We finally provide insights into skill transfer effects: our experimental results demonstrate that such dynamics can be predicted using deep neural networks.
Highlights
Cooperation is a common mechanism present in real world systems at various scales and in different environments, from biological organization of organisms to human society
We focus on the analysis of a particular type of online games, whose setting boosts players to collaborate to enhance their performance both as individuals and teams: Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) games
We evaluate the results provided by the Graph Factorization, the Traditional Autoencoder and our Teammate Autoencoder
Summary
Cooperation is a common mechanism present in real world systems at various scales and in different environments, from biological organization of organisms to human society. A great amount of research has been devoted to study the effects of cooperation on human behavior and performance (Deutsch, 1960; Johnson and Johnson, 1989; Beersma et al, 2003; Tauer and Harackiewicz, 2004; Levi, 2015) These works include domains spanning from cognitive learning to psychology, and cover different experimental settings (e.g., classrooms, competitive sport environments, and games), in which people were encouraged to organize and fulfill certain tasks (Johnson et al, 1981; Battistich et al, 1993; Cohen, 1994; Childress and Braswell, 2006). Games allow players to connect from all over the world, establish social relationships with teammates (Ducheneaut et al, 2006; Tyack et al, 2016), and coordinate together to reach a common goal, while trying at the same time to compete with the aim of improving their performance as individuals
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