Deep Learning-Based Automatic Extraction of Cyanobacterial Blooms from Sentinel-2 MSI Satellite Data

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Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in inland water have emerged as a major global environmental challenge. Although satellite remote sensing technology has been widely used to monitor CyanoHABs, there are also some automatic extraction methods of CyanoHABs based on spectral indices (such as gradient mode, fixed threshold, and the Otsu method, etc.), the accuracy is generally not very high. This study developed a high-precision automatic extraction model for CyanoHABs using a deep learning (DL) network based on Sentinel-2 multi-spectral instrument (MSI) data of Chaohu Lake, China. First, we generated the CyanoHABs “ground truth” dataset based on visual interpretation. Thereafter, we trained the CyanoHABs extraction model based on a DL image segmentation network (U-Net) and extracted CyanoHABs. Then, we compared three previous automatic CyanoHABs extraction methods based on spectral index threshold segmentation and evaluated the accuracy of the results. Based on “ground truth”, at the pixel level, the F1 score and relative error (RE) of the DL model extraction results are 0.90 and 3%, respectively, which are better than that of the gradient mode (0.81,40%), the fixed threshold (0.81, 31%), and the Otsu method (0.53, 62%); at CyanoHABs area level, the R2 of the scatter fitting between DL model result and the “ground truth” is 0.99, which is also higher than the other three methods (0.90, 0.92, 0.84, respectively). Finally, we produced the annual CyanoHABs frequency map based on DL model results. The frequency map showed that the CyanoHABs on the northwest bank are significantly higher than in the center and east of Chaohu Lake, and the most serious CyanoHABs occurred in 2018 and 2019. Furthermore, CyanoHAB extraction based on this model did not cause cloud misjudgment and exhibited good promotion ability in Taihu Lake, China. Hence, our findings indicate the high potential of the CyanoHABs extraction model based on DL in further high-precision and automatic extraction of CyanoHABs from large-scale water bodies.